A class of organic polymers, known as conducting polymers (CPs), has become increasingly popular due to its unique electrical and optical properties. The improved performance of those materials can include. Ring opening polymerization can occur without the loss of any small molecules. Commercial plastics are known as resins in North America, and are made of polymers. Polymers runs special issues to create collections of papers on specific topics. The world of plastics and polymer analysis is full of subtleties, from the right monomer, additives and fillers to the use of polymer blends to precisely design the properties of the. 4. In our previous section on network polymers, we mentioned vulcanized rubber and pectin. These polymers were chosen to use a combination of the mechanical stability of synthetic polymers with the cell-interactive properties of natural polymers . The intermolecular forces may be hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interaction. Polyurethane is a family of polymers with widely ranging properties and uses all based on the exothermic reaction of organic polyisocyanates with polyols (an alcohol containing more than one hydroxyl group). Properties of a Polymer: Polymers can be defined as any class of natural ( Polymers may be naturally found in plants and animals) or (Polymers that are man-made) synthetic substances built from significantly large molecules, called macromolecules that are manifolds of simpler chemical units known as monomers. Homepage. [1] The practical significance of tacticity rests on the effects on the physical properties of the. It will be demonstrated through our various polyurethane solutions based on bio-based or recycled materials, or optimizing production processes that enables a more sustainable future. , Volume 15, Issue 2 (January-2 2023) – 223 articles. Polymer is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing innovative and significant advances in Polymer Physics, Chemistry and Technology. 1126/science. The size and compositional and structural richness of polymers are all critical in determining the properties of the material, and the diversity of each trait is tied to the simple fact that the molecules each consist of. Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in long chains, sometimes with branching or cross-linking between the chains. Special Issues. The organic polymers comprise the classes of natural polymers (rubber, cellulose), synthetic organic. Young’s modulus of solids and foams increased by 78% and 113%, respectively, when the weight percentage of carbon fibers increased from 10% to 30%. The simplest definition of a polymer is long chain formed by joining many smaller molecules, called monomers [source: Larsen ]. The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of 12 polyfluorinated polymers in cosmetic products; most of these ingredients have the. These composites have good compatibility with body. Based on those propoerties,. The process by which monomers link together to form a molecule of a relatively high molecular mass is known as polymerization. This handbook provides an introduction to and reference information about the science behind the production and use of particulate fillers in polymer applications. The building and construction industry is responsible by more than 20 % of plastics consumption in Europe (commodity and engineering thermoplastics). Biomedical polymers are macromolecular compounds obtained from natural origin. An addition polymer is a polymer which is formed by an addition reaction,. William Reusch. The polymers which are not decomposed by the action of microorganisms and are referred to as non-biodegradable polymers. Addition Polymers. Synthetic polymers are. 1. Based on this protocol, advanced conjugated polymers with pure-blue or near-infrared luminescent properties were obtained. Currently, most of the polymers used for modifying cement mortars are esters (Table 1), and they are often with pH values higher than 7. Natural polymers with a variety of functional groups can be produced by physical and chemical methods, or through modification to become a new material using emerging nanotechnology. This video covers: how to identif. Polymers are extensively found in nature. Plastics VS Polymers. e. MS of polymers and polymeric surfaces is a comprehensive field of ongoing polymer-based researches. Nafion and Flemion are commonly used ionic polymer metal composites. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins. The process in which a copolymer is formed from multiple species of monomers is known as. Abstract Liquid crystals polymers (LCPs) are aromatic polymers with unique properties which enable their usage in various applications. Polymers with controlled biomedical degradation characteristics can be used as an important part of tissue engineering and drug delivery therapies. A "strong" polyelectrolyte is one that dissociates completely in solution for most reasonable pH values. LCPs are herein discussed, in particular their molecular structures and phases, which posses unique properties i. The attempt of using biodegradable polymers can minimize the environmental waste since there are reusable and recyclable. Possibilities for regeneration in the central nervous system are much more limited than peripheral nerve repair because of the high complexity. COOH COOH COOH COOH. We make the categorization characteristics of polymers according to their physical natures generally. Agarose, chitosan, keratin, silk or synthetic poly (hydroxybutyrate) or polyurethanes are experimental polymers for nerve guidance conduits. For all intents and purposes, conductive polymers can be described as Nobel Prize-winning materials, given that their discoverers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in. 14. Tacticity. Ring opening polymerization can occur without the loss of any small molecules. g. Biodegradable polymers are gaining much importance as a “green” alternative to commercially available nondegradable polymers. 5. Polymers are made up of smaller repeating units, called monomers, which are linked together by covalent bonds. The word polymer comes from the Greek words for “many parts. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. This makes it difficult to separate the biodegradable polymers from the other materials. The alkaline property of these polymers allows them to maintain their material properties in the alkaline cementitious environment [35]. The product is polystyrene. Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in biodegradable polymers. For example, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, etc. A large number of publications in the field of nanofibers have been dedicated on polymer nanofibers because of their unique properties and variability of applications [1,2,3]. This section of Polymer Applications under Polymers is a right channel to publish all types of applications related to polymeric materials and their composites. Frequently, the metal atom is a transition metal, and very commonly it is a transition metal ion, but there are other examples as well. Polymers also form the basis for synthetic fibers, rubbers, and plastics. Everything you need to know about polymers!Polymers are large molecules made up of lots of repeating units called monomers. Polymers, in particular, have additional advantages as they. The polymerization processes by which polymers are synthesized fall into two categories. 0%), and “co-polyesters”, which have multiple acids and/or glycols (38. Kalim Deshmukh,. As we learned above concerning the properties of. 81. Farhan ullah baig. The addition of polymer improves mortar's performance and consequently can be utilized advantageously and economically in several applications. 1 Chemically Cross-Linked Polymers. These are used in making boat hulls, pass. Some polymers. 15. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene. Classification Of Polymer On Different Basis Devansh Gupta. Recently, these materials have played a key role in providing a more. For example Polyethylene, Polypropylene; Condensation Polymers: These are formed on the separation of small molecules such as \(H_2O\), \(NH_3\), HCI etc. Natural polymers can be divided into two classes based on their origin, mainly plant-derived and animal-derived natural polymers (Kulkarni et al. 1: Polymer Chemistry- Classification of Polymers is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Whisnant. Whereas, in condensation polymerization (Section 10. Polymers provides an interdisciplinary forum for publishing papers which advance the fields of (i) polymerization methods, (ii) theory, simulation, and modeling, (iii) understanding of new. Two types of polymers are natural polymers and synthetic polymers. To control these diseases and infections, we have started using eco-friendly synthetic polymers. The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene, and tires. Polymers can also be classified on the basis of their structure, molecular forces or modes of polymerisation. In daily life, it is most commonly referred to as a form of fiber called Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). With a black coating that reduces static electricity, these sheets are good for use in solder pallets. ” Each of those parts is. PLA polymers range from amorphous glassy polymer to semi-crystalline and highly crystalline polymer with a glass transition 60–65 °C, a melting temperature 130-180 °C, and a Young's modulus 2. Updated on September 08, 2019 A polymer is a large molecule made up of chains or rings of linked repeating subunits, which are called monomers. elastomer, any rubbery material composed of long chainlike molecules, or polymers, that are capable of recovering their original shape after being stretched to great extents—hence the name elastomer, from “elastic. pharmaceutical polymers for controlled drug delivery applications. Phenol formaldehyde resin. Both Synthetic Polymers as well as Natural Polymers play significant and relevant roles in daily life. (b) The structure of C 60 contains twelve six carbon rings and twenty five carbon rings. 1 7. Pharmaceutical Preparations. Enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates are polymers of natural origin. 1 27. It is found in plant tissues. "Before the 1930s," wrote John Steele Gordon in an article about plastics for American Heritage, "almost everything people saw or handled was made of materials that had been around since ancient times: wood, stone, metal, and animal and p The mechanical properties of polymers are a measure of the deformation resistance under an applied force. Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are a type of flexible, elastic polymer (elastomer) that change size or shape when stimulated by an electric field 1,2. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. . 🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Polymer modified mortar is produced by mixing water with polymeric admixtures, Portland cement, and sand. For example Nylon-66, Terylene, Bakelite Smart polymers for textile applications. The handbook focuses on industrially important polymers, analytical techniques, and. 4 Characterization of Thermal Properties of Polymers. The building and construction industry is responsible by more than 20 % of plastics consumption in Europe (commodity and engineering thermoplastics). These plastics are noted for their transparency, resistance to breakage, and elasticity. Inset figures along elastomer curve (green) adapted from Fig. Service temperature limit is such a problem to use polymers in high-temperature applications. Piezoelectric polymers have some distinct advantages in these cell culture applications. Examples include cellulose, rubber, silk, wool, and so on. They are formed by long chains of monomers of the same type or a combination of different ones. g. Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit drastic and discontinuous changes in their physical properties with temperature. Stimuli-responsive gels. Summarize the key properties of polymers that determine their suitability for various applications. The term polymer is often used to describe plastics, which are synthetic polymers. A polymer is analogous to a necklace made from many small beads (monomers. Baird, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003 VII. As the world enters the Internet of Things (IoT) era, sensors, the key technology for IoT, are developing rapidly. Greater charge densities here result in righter. Fewer coatings and adhesive factors are required, if at all, and therefore the biological material can be in direct contact with the. Come see us in person at our Poler Flagship store located. Lu, in Smart Polymers and their Applications, 2014. Mohamed M. Plastic - Polymers, Synthetic, Recycling: Polymers are chemical compounds whose molecules are very large, often resembling long chains made up of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links. 0. Synthetic Polymers: These are the type. Polymers are built from simple molecules of the same kind. 14. (c) ZSM-5, a type of zeolite, is used to convert alcohols into gasoline. Polymers are substances composed of macromolecules, very large molecules with molecular weights ranging from a few thousand to as high as millions of grams/mole. pdf. Graft polymers can be used as membranes to separate gas and liquids, they can also be used in emulsifiers and biomedical applications. Polymeric materials can exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties. Polymers are both man-made and naturally occurring. The deformation of polymeric. Polymers with higher molecular weight have higher viscosity. Simple polymers are named after their monomers; the ethylene polymer is formally called poly (ethylene), although in common use, the names are used without parentheses: polyethylene. Plants. , DNA and RNA, is the reason for life on earth. Mechanical analysis of polymers. Cyclic polymers possess unique characteristics due to the absence of polymer termini, showing different bulk and solution properties from their corresponding linear counterparts, i. Linear polymers, which are composed of chainlike molecules, may be viscous liquids or solids with varying degrees of crystallinity; a number of them can be dissolved in certain liquids, and they soften or melt upon heating. Thermoplastic Polymers Properties. We welcome submissions on. For synthetic polymers such as PAN or rayon, the precursor is first spun into filament yarns, using chemical and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer chains in a. 5 Conclusion. Natural polymers: The polymers which are obtained naturally are called natural polymers. 9K views•27 slides. Rubber, for example, is a natural polymeric material that has been used for thousands of years. Cross-linked polymers, in which the molecular structure is a network, are thermosetting resins (i. g. thermoplastica polymer that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and returns to a solid state upon cooling. [1] It is the most significant factor in the weathering of plastics. The properties of a macromolecule can be tailored by incorporation of additives in their. Biodegradable polymers can undergo bacterial decomposition to produce CO2, water and other inorganic salts which are harmless to nature. Help. A chemical reaction forming polymers from monomers is called polymerization, of which there are many types. Uses Of Synthetic Polymers. Addition polymers from alkene monomers or substituted alkene monomers are the biggest groups of polymers in this class. carbon-based, or inorganic polymer, for example silicon-based. Homopolymers are made with a single monomer and are made up of identical repeating units. 3 products. Click the help icon for more information on the differences between Individual User accounts and Workspace. Bio-based polymers that exhibit superior performance relative to petroleum-based incumbents can encourage industry adoption and offset fossil carbon use. Biodegradable polymer Examples include PHB, PGA, PLA, and PHBV. Even though HF is the common ideal choice to cleave polymer brushes from the silicon oxide substrates, an array of other ways has been. e. Polymers make up many of. In this chapter, a comprehensive study on the general structure of polymers, their properties and applications has been carried out. Thermosets. Eg. 8%). The past decades have seen significant research effort in the field of polymers for a range of biomedical applications, driven by the promising prospect of these materials for realizing next generation therapeutics in the clinic. The synthetic polymer polystyrene is used in cabinets and in packaging. are examples of natural polymers. Polymer Processing. as controlled drug release vehicles. D. Thermoplastic polymers can be either amorphous or crystalline. We welcome submissions on polymer hybrids, nanocomposites, characterisation and self-assembly. 9. J. The term polymer in Greek means ‘many parts’. Polymers are classed as follows based on the type of polymerization: Condensation Polymers: These polymers combine monomers and remove tiny molecules such as water and alcohol. The origin of the word polymer lies in the Greek polu for “many” and meros for “part:” consisting of many parts. Polymer is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing innovative and significant advances in Polymer Physics, Chemistry and Technology. In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer ( resin ). In this regard, it is widely accepted that polymer properties such as chemistry, charge, and block composition, as. Although conducting polymers have a lot of 2021 Reviews in RSC Advances. Chemistry Africa (2023) Sustainable polymers are materials derived from renewable, recycled and waste carbon resources and their combinations, which at the end. , 2009; Yun, Kim, & Choi, 2017). The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. In this crit. Various types of biodegradable polymers (e. The primary element of CFRPs is a carbon filament; this is produced from a precursor polymer such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon, or petroleum pitch. 7–16 GPa. Biodegradable polymers are gaining much importance as a “green” alternative to commercially available nondegradable polymers. Silicone polymers, more properly called polysiloxanes, do not have carbon as part of the backbone structure. Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. , of ERG Polymers LLC discusses terminology and nomenclature, polymer structure and chemistry, and a process for material selection for specific applications, focusing on thermoplastics. Introduction. Polymers are formed by a process called polymerization, in which a chemical reaction of reacting monomer molecules forms polymer chains in a variety of complexities. Polymers at low temperatures exist as glassy. Many of the useful properties of polymers are in. For example, Low-density polyethene. And stay tuned for future follow-up. This article is part of the themed collection: Stimulus-responsive polymers. An autosampler attached to the SEC system will assist with high-throughput. Reinforcement is used to improve physical properties – specifically heat deflection temperature. Poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA. Polymers used to manufacture implantable drug delivery devices can be divided into two categories: biodegradable and non-biodegradable . In particular, the application of polymers for insulating high‐voltage (HV) equipment has been reported, together with the effect of electric field when they are subjected to HV stress. This applies to aerospace, automotive, consumer, medical and defence industries, amongst others. When the covalent bonds are introduced into polymer matrix,. Superabsorbent polymers have been used since the 1950s to serve many functions within soil and agricultural sciences (El Hady, Tayel, & Lofty, 1981). Covering a broad range of polymer science topics, Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing provides polymer industry professionals and researchers in polymer science and technology with a single, comprehensive handbook summarizing all aspects involved in the polymer production chain. These polymers are formed either by the process of addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. With a black coating that reduces static electricity, these sheets are good for use in solder pallets. Let's begin by looking at an artificial polymer that is known to everyone in the form of flexible, transparent plastic bags: polyethylene. Polyacetals POM. First, piezoelectric polymers are generally considered to be more biocompatible than piezoelectric ceramics [Citation 41]. Above is a schematic representing different configurations which polymer molecules (such as alkylammonium cations) can adopt when adsorbed between clay layers, in response to the magnitude of charge density on the clay surface. 1: Polymers. Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Resin: • Dissipate loads to the fiber network • Maintain fiber orientation • Protect the fiber network from damaging environmental. Most of the natural. Polymers are organic macromolecules, a long carbonic chain, composed by structural repeat entities, called mer. Because of their structure, polymers have unique properties that can be tailored for different uses. • Natural polymeric materials such as hemp, shellac, amber, wool, silk, and natural rubber have been used for centuries. e. g. The word polymer is derived from the Greek root poly-, meaning many, and mer, meaning part or segment. Starch-based polymers-Starch acts as a natural polymer, composed of glucose. Polymers, EISSN 2073-4360, Published by MDPI RSS Content Alert. Co-polymers have further been classified into four types on the basis of relative arrangement of the monomer units with respect to each other. Polyethylene is considered to be one of the simplest polymers, with ethene or ethylene as a monomer unit while the direct polymer is known as high-density polyethylene-HDPE. 15 is from Z. Plastics and Polymers. These compounds are not very stable. These are also called man-made polymers and have been developed in the present century to meet the ever-increasing demand of modern civilization. Plant-derived natural polymers include cellulose, starch and their derivatives, whereas examples of animal-derived natural polymers are silk, chitosan, collagen and so forth. Michele Galizia and colleagues report the use of in situ FTIR measurements to monitor the sorption of methanol in polybenzimidazole (PBI). bimalakruti. While a paper chain presents a simple image of a polymer, in practical applications, polymers have much greater uses. [8] Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units. Polymers loaded to 40% by weight with a high aspect ratio aluminum pigment have been shown to exhibit heat transfer rates of 80% to 95% that of pure metal. A common name for many. Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. Polymers is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. <p>What's the best utility of polymeric materials employed in healthcare and medical devices? Eric George, Ph. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) 3. Conducting polymers have been widely utilised in biomedical applications [46–49] due to their conductivity, compatibility and low-cost processability. The. Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites have poor high temperature resistance and are prone to thermal damage during service in the aerospace field. Recently, these materials have. Many people think of polymers simply as plastics used for packaging, in household objects and for making fibres, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. 129. 4. 8K views•19 slides. e. At PU Tech 2023, BASF will accelerate its innovations for the green journey. This page contains materials for the polymers class session on synthesis, properties and applications. When applied to polymers, the term crystalline has a somewhat ambiguous usage. Chemical inertness, or resistance to many types of chemical breakdown, is a desirable property in many synthetic polymers. By definition, the term film is used for thicknesses less than 250 μm (equal to about 0. Determination of the average monomer composition and molecular weight of a polymeric sample are experiments routinely carried out using a variety of well-known techniques. B Film Casting. 9. Conducting polymers and their biomedical applications. Description. [5] Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. A chemical reaction forming polymers from monomers is called polymerization, of which there are many types. Although the most common types of self-healing materials are polymers or elastomers, self-healing covers all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics, and cementitious materials. Polymeric synthetic are used for reinforcement and to offer mechanical support. However, pristine polymeric materials possess unsuitable properties for such a wide range of commodity and specialty applications. POLYMERS Harshal Varade. This review includes various polymers used in pharmaceutics based on their applications. Extrusion processes are widely used in industries that aim to produce advanced solutions for increasingly sophisticated demands in the plastic, food, and pharmaceutical sectors. POLER PORTLAND STORE. The wear resistance and abrasion resistance of thermoplastic polymers are improved by the use. Polymers range from familiar. tunability and biocompatibility characteristics. Plastic - Polymers, Synthetic, Recycling: Polymers are chemical compounds whose molecules are very large, often resembling long chains made up of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links. available synthetic polymers. From electronics to medical devices to automotive parts, polymers are used in a wide range of industries. They are commonly found in a variety of consumer products. This chapter gives an introduction to polymers and polymer types. Shape memory polymers (SMP's) in optoelectronic devices. Two classes of biodegradable polymers can be distinguished: synthetic or natural polymers. The chemistry involved is varied and links together many aspects of the subject including an introduction to organic chemistry, ions, structure and bonding. Several MS techniques are used for probing polymers and polymeric surfaces including a number of polymer compositions and surfaces that needed to be investigated carefully . The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. 1: Polymers. A large activity of the polymer processing industry is the production of films and sheets of thermoplastic polymers. Thermoplastic Polymers. Shukla. [1] Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure or mixing with a catalyst. In essence, they are materials that can ‘remember’ what shape they were and return to that shape when some stimulus, like heat or light, is applied. Yi, M. Vinyl polymer. These range from automotive,. Many of the same units (or mers) are connected together to form a long chain or polymer. The recent development of incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles to polymers permits the alteration of the polymer’s physical as well as chemical properties just as the execution of new highlights in the polymer network. The methods include. The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. Carbohydrate polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars. In wound care, they are used as dressings for acute or chronic wounds and as regeneration templates. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry. To download Lecture Notes, Practice Sheet & Practice Sheet Video Solution, Visit UMEED Batch in Batch Section of PhysicsWallah App/Website📲PW App Link - ht. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. Thermosetting and elastomeric polyurethanes are the most important groups. These categories overlap considerably but. The field of geopolymers is a part of polymer science, chemistry and technology that forms one of the major areas of materials science. Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in. very large molecules made up of thousands to millions of atoms that form a sequence of repeat units. 9. Polymers can be characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Definitions. From a practical standpoint, particularly in industry, polymers are often categorized based on their end-use. PDMS is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable. Conducting polymers are extensively studied due to their outstanding properties, including tunable electrical property, optical and high mechanical properties, easy synthesis and effortless fabrication and high environmental stability over conventional inorganic materials. Because of their structure, polymers have unique properties that can be tailored for different uses. Now, assuming as a general rule that all molecules have a certain structural regularity, the molecules in the structures of crystalline polymers are for the most part aligned parallel to each other. Real-time 31 P {H} NMR spectroscopy gives access to reactivity. These homo- and co-polymers have rigid, flexible, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic properties. The review provides the overview of the mechanism of polymer, properties, characterization of polymer and future of polymer technology which should be considered are involved. The handbook. Let us briefly discuss these natural polymers: Starch: It is a polymer which forms the food reserve for all the plants. They are often water-based. Jastrzebski, TheProcessing thermoset polymers usually involve three stages. 15. Oriented polystyrene (OPS) To know more about Polystyrene applications, let us understand the properties of various types of Polystyrene. They are both crosslinked LCPs but have different. What are Smart Polymers? The term smart polymer embraces a wide range of different compounds that can change their color, transparency or shape in response to their environment; they are smart because of their ability to respond in a very dramatic way when small environmental changes are detected. Fillers play an important role and are used with practically all types of polymers: thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers. Due to their interesting properties, polymers are used in various applications, such as construction materials, automotive parts, plastics, and clothing. Polymers are both man-made and naturally occurring. Polymers. There are a wide variety of biomedical composites available with different physical and chemical properties. 64 This section reviews advances in the synthesis of. These are: i). [1] As a specific material, it most commonly. Polymer Fundamentals. Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional group in every repeat unit of their main chain.