Liquid dpm for concrete floor. Professional tips: how you should do it. Liquid dpm for concrete floor

 
 Professional tips: how you should do itLiquid dpm for concrete floor <b>roolf dnuorg dilos ,s0691 dim si ytreporP</b>

. #3. A: A damp proof membrane (DPM) is a thick plastic sheet used as a waterproof barrier between a concrete subfloor and wood floor. Lancashire. I want to ensure the up. Good afternoon. Tried and tested and it works. #5. 8 Apr 2013. Mapelastic AquaDefense provides a thin, continuous barrier to protect adjacent rooms and floors below from water damage. Unfortunately the concrete floor is not levelled and is about 2-3 cm lower on on side of the room plus there are other uneven parts of the floor. Pour the resin into a clean, dry bucket. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. Country. The vinyl being laid before the concrete has dried out. £. 1. :thumbsup. I need to put down a damp proof membrane and self levelling compound on top of that. About. Withstands 98% relative humidity. Call us for project specific advice and pricing on 01925852225. . ARDEX DPM 1 C. Never had damp floor in the 4 years of ownership. The principle of tanking is to provide a continuous waterproof barrier or membrane; this is created using either mastic asphalt or proprietary adhesive DPM. Clean quarry tiles. Then 2 coats SBR 1-4 diluted. 00. Protects the floorcovering from residual construction moisture and ground water vapour. Discover important FAQs including what is liquid DPM, what is the best liquid DPM and more. Damp Proofing Concrete Floors With Liquid Membranes. Obviously if its a surface DPM you dont have a few inches of concrete to weigh it down. Impatience and damp concrete subfloors. Thread starter rifraf74; Start date 22 Feb 2007; R. Curing concrete is a process that should be gradual in order to avoid cracks. If a DPM is necessary, we recommend applying two coats before the application of Luvanto adhesive. When using as a liquid DPM make sure the substrate is load-bearing, and that any laitance is removed mechanically (common on new concrete floors/screeds). Use on concrete floors as an alternative to polythene. However, there are a couple of small holes (about 4cm deep, 2 x 3cm width/length) in the concrete base. In this case, it is preferable to fit insulation below the concrete slab, where it helps the. 22 Feb 2007 #1. It can also be used as an adhesive for the likes of wood block flooring and insulation boards, or as a plaster bonding agent – even on difficult surfaces. In about 6 hours, it may be completely hardened and ready for use, depending on the flooring material being installed on top. com ARDEX offers a range of liquid or surface Damp Proof Membranes (DPM) to protect the floorcovering from residual construction moisture and rising damp, when a structural DPM is damaged or missing. It offers protection against a variety of problems associated with moisture ingress ranging from visible damp patches on walls and floors to salt damage, rot and mould. Reaction score. 5 Litre Containers, in Black colour only. There is no damp proofing at all and the floor was a bit damp. Damp-Proof Floor Coating. 00 Ex VAT. ) chrysotile (white) asbestos fibres. Suitable for heavy wear areas, concrete floors where a DPM has failed or was never installed, or areas of damp concrete which cannot be surface dried prior to painting. then a liquid dpm will need to be used as well as a 3mm thick latex layer as most adesives wont bond properly to the dpm. 1. A liquid epoxy damp proof membrane (DPM) is a two-component epoxy resin membrane, specifically designed to be applied to damp floors to create a barrier between your floor and the layer below. Your solid floor is porous (which is normal), trouble is water is getting into it either from underneath or from the sides. 00 € 60. 30811761. It is available in black or white with a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint. How to install a liquid damp proof membrane you when to use a damp proof membrane wood and beyond blog how to lay a liquid based damp proof membrane you what is a dpm and why do i need one polycote. 2020-05-24T11:35:02+01:00 Answered 24th May 2020Liquid DPM. #5. And yes you can level the floor after. Cut the damp proofing membrane to size. 1. I would advise a single part flexi tile adhesive on top which will enable you to have stone, ceramic or porcelain tiles fixed. Made from recycled materials. The concrete slab was usually 100 to 125mm thick. and then apply a second coat with kiln. RonaScreed DPM is also suitable for use prior to the application of tiles, soft flooring or wood. The booklet covers topics such as joint isolation, thin set tile, termination, and utility finish. 23 Jul 2018. #1. Jord86 Screwfix Select. This is a belt and braces approach to prevent any part of the floor coming in to contact with the wall. Can be used where a structural DPM is not present or is ineffective. Add to basket. Easy Handling & Installation. 16. It is often used. DPM Membranes for Concrete Floors ; Damp Proof Course; Damp Proof Paint; Rising Damp Treatment; Water Repellents; Vapour Control Layers; Internal Waterproofing;. As a rule self levelling screeds need an active DPM at some point below them other wise they will likely de-bond due to damp and this could be the reason it seems to be lifting easily. I would advise a single part flexi tile adhesive on top which will enable you to have stone, ceramic or porcelain tiles fixed. The products have excellent adhesion to damp concrete and can be installed fast and easily, even at lower temperatures. 30 Dec 2018. Virtually solvent free liquid epoxy resin damp-proofer. Drill then fix the damp proofing membrane to the walls ensuring a tight fit. Drybase 2mm Plaster Membrane Mesh (2m x 20m) - Low-Profile Plaster Membrane For Use on Damp Walls. He has suggesting using ARDEX DPM 1C to protect the floorboards. OR. With a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint, it's suitable for use on solid floors, embedded timbers and walls. Use on concrete floors as an alternative to polythene. 2. 00. Once applied, the product cures to form a membrane that is flexible and elastic. Test Area Because of the wide variety of possible substrates and site conditions, it is always advisable to check adhesion to the background by testing on a sample area before starting any job. liquid dpm and self levelling compound. Insulation sheets and steel laid on top of plastic membrane. Hardcores varied in quality - many have since proved to be totally unsuitable. apply two coats of Drybase® Liquid-Applied DPM as normal. e. However we have limited headroom in the kitchen so I wondered if a thin layer of the self levelling compound would suffice to lay a new vinyl floor, rather than go. A liquid-applied DPM (damp proof membrane) is a simple solution and an excellent way to damp proof a concrete floor. To apply liquid epoxy DPM correctly, build up multiple coats, always follow manufacturer's recommendations and ensure that the concrete surface is free of debris or organic matter. Larsen DPM Universal is a superior 2 pack epoxy surface applied damp proof membrane. 2 coats SBR. Sussex. The water pipe connected to the sink tap or the pipe taking waste water away from the sink (both of them are in the wall) is leaking and this water is going to the floor down the wall and is saturating the floor. Damp Proofing Concrete Floors With Liquid Membranes. 18 Dec 2013. A damp proof membrane will commonly be laid during the construction of a concrete floor in a new build to protect the floor from rising damp. I wanted to self-level the floor using mapai ultimate leveller 1210 and Secrete Ulitmate Primer for adhesion. #1. Now the floor is flat the DPM can be applied to seal the concrete. Anhydrite screed usually costs in the range of £15 – £20 per sqm, mastic. Chemical damp proofing cost. Once applied, it cures to form a flexible and elastic membrane that. Ashbou10 Member. Our epoxy DPM has good chemical resistance to mild. Up to 10 years warranty on selected items. 16. Small hole dug through 2" soft sandy concrete to reveal hardcore and soil. #3. Liquid epoxy DPMs are ideal for concrete floors, such as garages, where the original damp proof membrane is missing or has broken down. £2,000. link with wall DPCs to form an impervious barrier to prevent moisture reaching the interior of the dwelling. Drybase 2mm Plaster Membrane Mesh (2m x 20m) - Low-Profile. Screwfix Select. Dri-Wall DPC Injection Cream. Best Sealer Overall: TotalBoat Concrete Coating. 00 € 60. Holds back rising damp where a damp proof membrane is either missing or defective. g. Ideal for general waterproofing and fixing. I’d look up the manufacturers guidelines if I were you because if the floor warps at all then you’ll have no recourse with the manufacturers as they’ll say there was moisture present. A liquid epoxy damp proof membrane (DPM) is a two-component epoxy resin membrane, specifically designed to be applied to damp floors to create a barrier between your floor. Let’s take a look at how these membranes function. Quite likely there is no DPM underneath. Damp-Proof Floor Coating. • Protects walls and floors from water ingress and dampness. The biggest advantage of using a liquid Damp Proof course, is that you do not have to rip up concrete floors. Thanks for the response. It is suitable for use as a one or two application depending on the moisture content of the floor. The most popular screed types include cement screed, anhydrite screed (also calcium sulphate screed), mastic asphalt screed and dry screed. 3 - 12 % CM for magnesia flooring (proportion of organic parts). DPM Membranes for Concrete Floors ; Damp Proof Course; Damp Proof Paint; Rising Damp Treatment; Water Repellents; Vapour Control Layers; Internal Waterproofing;. Best Acrylic Sealer: Foundation Armor Concrete Sealer. Would a liquid dpm work,in past I had similar problem, I've just poured some liquid dpm in to the hole & help it with a trowel to find it's way under the concrete,seem to work as I never had damp issue when I moved indoor stop cock to new position at previous place & here when I laid new pipe under utilty floor after clay pipe failed, 10 years on, not. The concrete slab was usually 100 to 125mm thick. A damp proof membrane, more commonly known as a DPM, is a material that prevents moisture from penetrating the internal walls and floors of a property. Arcon have a range of liquid applied damp proof coatings available to buy with no minimum order quantities. Whilst this is not ideal, it can be a low-cost solution, which is easier than restoring old tiles, or completely digging out and relaying a new floor. Answered 27th Feb 2012. You run the risk of having a failed concrete floor and a failed floor-covering when you try to force nature 100% solids, high build coating. Visqueen High Performance Damp Proof Membrane. and then apply a second coat with kiln. This prevents moisture from the screed attacking the wood flooring and ultimately ruining it. Looking for best method to both level and damp proof the concrete, to then be covered with a thin layer of celotex, then engineered wood or. How to do Damp Proof Membrane of your sub-floor. I have a fairly damp & uneven concrete floor, probably about 20 years old or more. Add to basket. It is available in black or white with a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint. The DPM should: have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide. Using a spirit level to check the level of a floor and measure thickness of screed required. Primer to the surface and allow to cure. My questions are: Is there any reason to use a roll of DPM vs a liquid one or vice versa? Do I need to apply any sort of primer before putting down the SLC on top of the DPM? How thick does my layer of SLC need to be? It is true that a 100mm concrete screed will take around three and a half months to dry out (1mm per day) depending on time of year, whether a dpm or insulation was laid underneath etc, so it's a guesstimate !! In our game, dry actually means moisture levels are less than 75% so your concrete floor is only 25% dry and will release moisture for. Bostik's damp proof membranes provide essential moisture mitigation and suppression for subfloors, helping to protect your installation for years to come. Wood and Beyond propose the use of vapor barrier with all. Liquid damp proof membrane For existing concrete floors, you can also apply a liquid damp proof membrane, which provides a retrospective damp proof membrane. 5m) It will have 50mm insulation boards on top of it, followed by 18mm/22mm. Step 3: Lay the watertight membrane. The edges of the DPM should have been flopped up the walls, say, 300mm and later trimmed back to suit. Thanks. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. 0. Flooring FAQs. But if you’re planning to install concrete floors in an area prone to dampness or water damage, it’s essential to protect them with a liquid damp proof membrane. the wooden floor is laid. A vapour barrier, on the other hand, is a damp proofing product attached to a wood floor underlay to reduce moisture passage. but something that is suitable and compatible for the cementone - cempolay self level cement, maybe Ardex or Fball dpm thanks guys once again you point out the obvious to a fool like me. Suppresses residual. For mastic asphalt, wood block and strip, and some textile floor coverings, a non-slip finish is appropriate, while thin sheet. I wanted to self-level the floor using mapai ultimate leveller 1210 and Secrete Ulitmate Primer for adhesion. Step-by-step: how to apply liquid dpm for concrete floors If skirting boards can’t be removed, protect them with masking tape. T1000 Stampable OverlayFor use with resurfacing concrete floors and hardscapes. Prevent moisture penetration with a damp proof membrane that can be painted under your solid wood, real wood and laminate floors. 21 Sep 2016. Vapour Barrier vs Damp Proof Membrane. Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM is a single-component two-coat paintable damp-proof coating that is easily applied to substrates by brush, roller, or spray. If a radon barrier is required, lay this over the grouting layer and extend it. Last edited: Sep 2, 2010. S. Engineered wood is a more stable product but should have a proper membrane underneath first. Thin Micro-ToppingProduces durable surface to color or stain. I am looking for some advise about laying a SLC with a liquid DPM. Id be tempted to run a dpm across the floor and up behind the skirting. Accommodates Hygrometer readings up to 98% RH. or self level to adhere to. £300. It might seem a bit unusual. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. UK Requirements for DPM Thickness. Ensure that the joint between the bottom of the plasterboard and the floor is sealed. Ask the mods to move your thread to Flooring forum and see: dazlight Fri 29 aug 2020 for a specific response to a difficult surface. 5. The DPM we use does not cancel all moisture out as this will end up. This is a solvent, water free, epoxy resin and. It helps to prevent damp and moisture from entering the building’s structure and interior. underneath a screed or self level we. The bitumen adhesive also contained the same asbestos fibres. These black floor DPMs are designed for use in concrete slabs to protect against moisture. and finishing the concrete floor to acceptable standards is impracticable. We have had signs of dampness on the other side of the wall which we think was probably caused by the failure of the tile grouting which is now dry. Generally speaking, when using a liquid DPM you apply your substrate by pouring it onto the floor area to be treated, and then trowel, paint, or roller it in. [email protected] Nov 2016. The important things to be considered are: The concrete substrate is: reasonably level; free of mortar matrix;. Can be applied to damp surfaces. Screwfix Select. We are proud to have over 20 years experience of. How to apply Damp Proof Paint. Preparation is the main thing for the layers, and the substrate should be dry and clean. Our Liquid DPM (LVM Liquid Vapour Membrane Damp Proofing Paint) is a water-based ready-to-use waterproofing system supplied in an 5L tub. Holds back rising damp where a damp proof membrane is either missing or defective. However the chance that the floor tiles or adhesive can release fibres and become respirable when disturbed is very low. 100% solids, high build coating. 3 - 12 % CM for magnesia flooring (proportion of organic parts). We provide excellent results through our liquid screeding and concrete flooring services. #2. It is supplied ready to use. Mapelastic AquaDefense is a premixed, advanced liquid-rubber, extremely quick-drying waterproofing and crack-isolation membrane for installation under ceramic tile or stone in residential, commercial and industrial environments. The product is applied in two coats. Solid wood should be laid on top of 3/4 ply first as differing. Yes, concrete is often exposed to the elements, which can cause it to crack. The whole floor is concrete and has a section about an inch deep where the fireplace used to be. The floor was vacuumed before applying Aredx DPM IC, an epoxy liquid Damp Proof Membrane (DPM). Once applied, the product cures to form a membrane that is flexible and elastic. DPM Floor Membrane above Concrete Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM (1 L White) (In stock) ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆. The black layer is possibly the adhesive from the previous floor such as thermo plastic tiles or parquet. Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM is a single-pack barrier coating that is supplied ready to use. However the instructions of the compound are that it needs to be placed on a surface which is not subject to rising damp. Test scraping the floor it seems I can get all the ridges off quite easily, but inevitably, there will still be a bitumen stain on the concrete surface. Suitable for. Vapour barriers. Temperature, air flow and type of mix, being just a few. To remove this type of asbestos containing floor. € 80. A small risk of them blowing if moisture is excessive though. Bostik Screedmaster Rapid DPM is a ready for use; one part, water-based damp proof membrane. other floor coverings including tiles, vinyl, wood and ca. Alternatively, dilute the first coat of Drybase® Liquid DPM with 30% water for use as a primer. It is also suitable for application on damp surfaces, such as sand/cement and cement floors subject to rising damp or containing residual construction moisture. weberfloor DPM can be applied on substrates such as concrete and cement-based levelling compounds. USES Commonly used in the following areas: Providing sandwich damp-proof membranes for floors. Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane Epoxy damp proof membrane is a coating that suppresses residual moisture in cement and concrete floors to speed up the process of installing floor coverings. £30. £30. £30. Hi, I'm currently converting my garage into an en suite. Location. For further help and advice with damp proofing and Liquid DPM please call our product experts today. The floor was vacuumed before applying Aredx DPM IC, an epoxy liquid Damp Proof Membrane (DPM). Browse our selection of damp roof membrane (DPC) for use on concrete to prevent moisture from seeping through layers of flooring. The only way to tell properly, is to carry out a proper test. Drybase® Liquid-Applied DPM is a single-pack barrier coating for above ground use. Barcode 5055047210603. Once the floor is even it should be completely cleaned. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. RFC Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane is a professional 2-component applied surface primer for brushing onto concrete floors and fine concrete screeds. Wait until the first coat of liquid DPM is touch-dry - approximately 15 to 30 minutes at 20°C – before applying the second coat at right angles to the. Liquid DPMs gave the best protection but were more expensive. Please Note: Most wood floor manufacturers state a maximum substrate moisture content of 2 % CM (ca. 4M X 5M 500G Clear Heavy Duty Polythene Plastic Building Dust Rubble Sheet DIY. 5%CM (~ 4% Tramex) for a concrete subfloor indicates that a suitable damp-proof membrane must always be installed – either a 2 coat/2 part liquid layer (e. Insulation sheets and steel laid on top of plastic membrane. Technoseal Floor DPM. #4. 60 – £ 110. Pretty simple fix; Cons. I have a fairly damp & uneven concrete floor, probably about 20 years old or more. CS Flooring. 21 May 2010. If the DPM Primer is being used. £36. Sikalastic®-800 HA is a two component, solvent free, highly elastic, virtually odourless polyurea based waterproofing membrane. I spoke to Everbuild/Sika and they were able to recommend a DPM paint and compound that would bond together, by priming the final layer of dpm. The installation of a liquid damp proof membrane is a vital stage in the construction process, for both new builds and refurbishment work where a structural DPM may be missing or damaged, or where residual construction moisture is present in the floor. To be honest it’s worth having some sort of moisture suppressant put down just to make sure. Add to basket. Our easy to install range is available in various thicknesses up to 0. Preparation is key with these coatings and the substrate must be sufficiently clean and dry. When laying a solid wood, Real Wood or laminate floor over a cement-based sub-floor, a paintable damp proof membrane should be used to prevent moisture penetrating from below. Sikabond Rapid DPM is a solvent free reaction curing resin primer and damp-proof membrane for cement based substrates. Upper floors are airtight timeframe. Liquid epoxy DPM is often used as a remedial solution for existing concrete floors, as it creates an impermeable layer that keeps water in the concrete slab. From the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s a typical concrete floor comprised a layer of hardcore, a polythene damp proof membrane laid on a thin bed of sand (to prevent puncturing), and a floor screed. The installation of liquid damp proof membranes is a vital stage in the building process, for both new builds and refurbishment work where a structural DPM may be missing or. wet coating. The product is applied in two coats. Can I assume we have already breached the. 19. Screed above dpm. A damp-proof membrane is a layer of material usually laid below concrete floors during construction. I would. Suitable for extensions, basements and cellars. Hi All come across this forum and would really appreciate some assistance. If a DPM has failed or perhaps was never installed in the first place, the features. Might be worth having the floor checked properly first though as it sounds like you may have existing problems going by what you have already said. In my 1930's extension, the solid wall has an existing DPC but the concrete floor has no DPM. Developed to suppress residual construction moisture in cementitious subfloors including power floated concrete and sand/cement screeds. The floor in the extension wasn't made properly and is getting damp. • 5L tin offers coverage of approximately 6. Walls are not the only part of a building that can suffer from damp problems. DAMP BARRIER PAINT - A highly advanced styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), liquid applied membrane paint. A liquid-applied DPM (damp proof membrane) is a simple solution and an excellent way to damp proof a concrete floor. General waterproofing: - for use on concrete,Liquid-Applied Membrane. 2020-05-24T11:35:02+01:00 Answered 24th May 2020Liquid DPM. wet coating. Liquid DPM onto the concrete slab, then lay insulation above this and then lay electric mat underfloor heating on top of this. To be honest it’s worth having some sort of moisture suppressant put down just to make sure. Our products are all carefully selected by our in-house experts to provide the highest level of protection for your property. I recently converted my shed into a home gym. #3. The coating cures to form a rubber-like elastomeric waterproof membrane and may be applied over many substrates, including asphalt, bitumen and concrete. The dpm resin, is a sticky gooey 2 part epoxy based liquid to be precise. Thread starter rifraf74; Start date 22 Feb 2007; R. £ 51. The product is applied in two coats. £100 - £600. If the coating is not for your final decorative surface. Liquid Screeding. Laitance must also be removed from concrete. richel7. Stack Exchange Network. 18 Aug 2023. We have two system recommendations for new build installations. Add to basket. or self level to adhere to. We have had a full structural survey done which highlighted damp at the ground floor level. We have purchased a 4 bed detached house built in the 1950's. 15 m2 1. Self levelling and liquid damp proof membrane. Once dry, Arditex NA, a latex based self levelling compound, was applied. 00 Ex VAT. NO MORE DAMP EP40 Floor Primer is designed to soak into the substrate, block pores, improve adhesion and ensure an even, high quality finish. OK stuck - Liquid DPM, concrete floor and a pipe. The black layer is possibly the adhesive from the previous floor such as thermo plastic tiles or parquet. As Glueman mentioned, the original bitumen glue would likely have been thought of as partly a DPM, when i am doing parquet block repairs to concrete floors which have a bitumen residue left on it, i apply 2 coats of a liquid dpm, either Lecol PU280 or Sika Rapid, both are superb products and 2 coats is normally enough to form a. Thanks for the response. € 80. You have maybe 3mm of smoothing compound hence it can be pushed up and fail. #1. If the floor will be suspended then a liquid dpm is pointless as no physical contact will be made. For RH readings above 75%, the subfloor must be left to dry out further. The DPM membranes are available in 4M x 25M rolls as well as a handy pack ideal for smaller jobs. Basically it was laid like this: timber frame built on top of garden dirt. Floor under carpet marked with chalk for wet areas. The use of damp. Our Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane is a two-component, solvent free, low odour epoxy resin membrane that is tolerant of residual moisture in concrete floors. Learn how to damp proof concrete floors with a liquid epoxy DPM, a remedial solution for existing or failed DPMs. This type of waterproofing membrane is applied directly to the surface of the concrete floor to protect it from water seeping through and getting the floor or walls wet. case of un-bonded screeds. It is supplied ready to use. Limitation: Do not directly bond wooden flooring to Drybase® Liquid-Applied DPM coated concrete. My questions are: Is there any. Chimney damp proof course (labour and scaffolding not included) £75 per roll. Technoseal Floor DPM. 75 m2 1. Withstands 98% RH. rogerk101 said: ↑. Aug 27, 2017. 100% solids, high build coating. I intend to follow the liquid DPM/self-levelling 'stickys' on the Flooring thread, but wondering what to do with the section of wall below the DPC. It had not been used for over a year to allow it to dry out. The bitumen is less than a millimetre thick - painted on by all accounts. Once applied, it cures to form a flexible and elastic damp-proof membrane. Quarry tiles are installed on the solid concrete slab which is a good. 5 m²/litreCurrently, the floor has crappy ceramic floor tiles stuck down with pretty minimal adhesive onto the concrete, which in turn has had a thin layer of bitunimous liquid DPM poured onto it in the past. I removed the old carpet and realised there was damp patches on the tiled floor below, im believe there is no dpm membrane and quarry tiles were laid over lime morter bed, my contractors PVA'ed self levelled over the floor to try and stop it but the self. Should take 3 days, tops - day 1 to empty the garage, scrub and clean the floor, and let dry (whack a fan heater in there to help). Could use sand/cement mix if ‘craters’ are. € 80. You can use Liquid Damp Proof Membrane with a glued down or floating floor. EITHER. However there is a dpc cavity tray. This enables earlier access onto the floor for the application of screeds, coatings and other floor coverings including tiles, vinyl, wood and carpets. Free from water and free from solvents, this primer allows for a trouble-free installation as no swelling of the wood is to be feared. Before applying the damp proof paint, stir the contents of the bucket well. £. If a screed such as A38 or Topcem was used, this can reduce the drying time, and with A38 this can be just one day. 1.