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 This will sometimes eliminate a biasbiased roulette wheel  edderiofer

At one time, casinos did have biased roulette wheels on their floors. Jaggers, with a team of 6 clerks, clocked all the roulette wheels at the Monte Carlos. For example, roulette wheels have a clear glue that covers. In their bias wheel attack Mr. Create your own customizable spinning wheel with the Wheel Decide Chooser online tool. 7/48. However, this can be changed to either $20 or $2,000 as long as the proportions remain the same. And indeed, if you pay attention, you will notice the zero slot on the wheel is positioned almost in the middle of the numbers between 25 and 22. Overall though the wheel looks pretty weak for a bias play. Biased Roulette Wheels. And spotting a truly biased wheel means tracking play for thousands of spins -- the same number showing up three times in half a dozen spins does not mean the wheel is biased. Or you can find a biased wheel that makes some numbers more likely to come up. Blaise Pascal, the game has. If a roulette wheel has a. In this paper, an improved selection method based on fitness proportionate selection was presented. Roulette Surrender Rule. Wheel Clocking — 1. Outstanding individuals will introduce a bias in the beginning of the search that may cause a premature convergence and a loss of diversity. Gambler's fallacy. You can lower the house edge by playing roulette games that use a single-zero wheel, such as European or French roulette. Number bias is when the wheel inclines toward specific pockets. If a player finds that a certain winning number occurs 10 or more times in 200 spins and its adjacent numbers occur more than 5. Customize look and feel, save and share wheels. Black Chips. Wheel bias is essentially the roulette equivalent of weighted dice. Basically, if we ignore friction, drag, and tilt, the wheel itself simply rotates in one direction, and the ball rolls around the rim in the other direction. Click the and buttons to change the number of sectors. Black Action. Roulette Roulette Wheel. To uncover a biased wheel, you would need to spend an inordinate amount of time studying the outcomes of every spin. It's unclear in what sense the data would be biased. Imagine a roulette wheel where all chromosomes in the population are placed, each chromosome has its place big accordingly to its fitness function, like on the following picture: If a specific sector on the wheel is favored, it’s a section bias. Nadeel van een biased wheel is dat de defecten vaak al door het casino zelf worden ontdekt voordat je dit als speler kunt doen. They won $3. If the wheel does not have a bias, there is a 1-in-38 chance of the ball landing in any one pocket. But what they think they know is a bias player will analyze a lot of spins, then just bet on whatever numbers spun most. Just because a number one more frequently in the past 100 spins, doesn’t mean the trend will continue. Each form of online roulette has a piece of software called a random number generator (RNG) determines where the ball will drop in an online roulette wheel. 5% on investment means you need to win 56. The NWML recorded into which sectors the ball landed. There are three main kinds of bias and these are pocket, section and dynamic bias. 2. After a short run of one color, indi viduals predict the other color. Biased Roulette Wheels. This motion is determined by the initial angular velocity of the ball and the initial angular velocity of the wheel. 26%. A statistics expert would now interpret the probability of rolling the particular number as one-sixth, while the expert in gambling would say it is 1 chance out of 6. Advantages and disadvantages of biased wheels. 1. Every roulette player hopes to encounter a biased roulette wheel. The first of these, and probably the most famous story, is that of Joseph Jagger. The bias of a wheel, combined with the trend a croupier uses to throw the ball with a specific speed, results into the ball falling in certain sections with greater than the theoretical frequency. If we have to use a 300-spin length sampling, we can observe the sum of “positives” (times above the expected considering 36-spin cycles) for numbers is around +37. 6. Fig. "The question of how to detect and exploit biased roulette wheels is an interesting one that we attempt to address in this section. We would interpret it as 16. This work was done with data gathered from a real on-line casino based in Riga, Latvia. They will rig their wheels by using small blocking pins, with each one of them being placed at the front wall of every pocket. While in fact there’s no such thing as a perfectly random wheel, and every wheel is biased to a degree, very rarely is a bias alone strong enough to enable long-term winnings. Options. Some were pretty illegal, like slipping the bet after the stop of the wheel or somehow controlling the ball or bribing a complacent croupier. Tuck Jumps. Double Action Roulette was introduced by TCSJOHNHUXLEY and features their Mark VII Roulette Wheel. They returned the next day and won an incredible £ 2. Barnhart. With his wife's help, he carefully monitored and examined multiple roulette tables at different casinos. There is debate as to whether or not this was actually cheating as some would consider that if the casino has a wheel which is faulty, then that is the fault of the casino. With a 1% edge over the house your odds of winning each spin of the ball is just 50. It requires a player to carry out analysis of spins in order to identify the numbers and bet on them to your advantage. There are also some games where a roulette wheel is spun, but only to represent which part of the layout a single card from a shoe of 37 (or 38) cards are drawn. So basically if a winning number occurs more than what we would normally expect, over a statistically relevant amount spins, then we. The games. I need to know the make. A biased wheel has a tendency of sticking to certain numbers, which allows players (who notice the bias) to react and secure a profit. Roulette (named after the French word meaning "little wheel") is a casino game which was likely developed from the Italian game Biribi. Abstract and Figures. With his wife's help, he carefully monitored and examined multiple roulette tables at different casinos. o, very small angles, and spun the wheel 176 times. The bowl mechanism includes a ball track, a lower ball track (apron) with ball. So for many roulette players the biased-wheel hunt became almost an obsession. The disadvantage is that you can only beat about 2% of all roulette wheels. A very simple model for the motion of a roulette wheel and ball is provided and it is demonstrated that knowledge of initial position, velocity, and acceleration is sufficient to predict the outcome with adequate certainty to achieve a positive expected return. It also takes an enormous amount of time to learn. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsAny slight imbalance can result in predictable or biased results. These numbers were considered “biased” as was the wheel. What Einstein actually meant was that there is no mathematical trick that can help you win at roulette. Can a roulette wheel be biased? In an online casino it can’t be biased because it is RNG but a real live roulette wheel can be manipulated. It represents an American type of wheel having only a single zero. Introduction This is a report on the findings of stage 3. The book is 183 pages and has countless illustrations to compliment the explanations. You might be playing on a wheel that isn’t biased. If spins are random, the odds of winning are fixed. You can also make your predictions before the ball is rolled into the wheel. If a roulette wheel becomes too biased, then it is removed and replaced with another wheel. There are many different ways that a roulette wheel can be biased, but the most common is by having more weight on one side of the wheel than the. Online casinos with live roulette. An American Roulette wheel has 38 numbers, numbers 1 to 36 plus a zero and double-zero. Fitness proportionate selection, also known as roulette wheel selection, is a genetic operator used in genetic algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for recombination. By applying these techniques to a standard casino-grade European roulette wheel, we demonstrate an expected return of at least 18%, well above the -2. I realize that every roll is independent of each other and each roll has a $50\%$ chance of landing on red or black (assuming no $0$). A return of 12. Surrender. A biased wheel is a wheel where one or more numbers are more likely to win. The book is 183 pages and has countless illustrations to compliment the explanations. The Spindle. . Roulette Cheats – Biased Roulette Wheel. Find out how to make a roulette wheel bias work in your favour at US casinos. On a roulette wheel, there are 38 different numbers. By applying these techniques to a standard casino-grade European roulette wheel, we demonstrate an expected return of at least 18%, well above the -2. His Serbian partner did even better, making £684,000 from his initial £60,000. The Right Bankroll Once you find a wheel with a bias and have identified how to take advantage of your knowledge, remember that your edge is still tiny. Once the ball finds its way into the pocket with that. With this advantage in hand, Jagger began placing strategic bets, and his remarkable winning streak quickly became the stuff of legend. By now you've set it up. Karen Vazquez. They found only one wheel showing significant bias. Basket, or a five number bet, is available only in American roulette and allows players to bet on the zero, double zero, 1, 2, and 3. In this paper we introduce another false belief of gamblers, namely the tendency to bet on a winning number under the assumption that the roulette wheel is biased. It includes the careful observation of a spinning roulette ball and its position relative to the counter-rotating wheelhead, with the main objective being to project which sector of the wheelhead the ball will probably come to rest into. This method requires a substantial amount of scouting time due to the slow rate of play and the substantial amount of data that needs to be collected on each wheel to. That would equate to a 1-in-36 chance for a European roulette wheel. Roulette info No Comments. The image processing unit ( 3 ) is configured for : receiv ing a captured image. They all visualize a wheel in the top left hand corner of the screen, while the remaining part of the screen shows the betting layout. De tafels worden dan geijkt of de roulette wielen worden vervangen door een correct werkend wiel. The “biased wheel report” component of Laurence’s material is quite good, but again it relies entirely on physical flaws of roulette wheels. First and foremost, the majority of well-known and well-run casinos (both land-based and online) employ the services of anti-bias roulette wheel maintenance teams. By applying the ”Surrender” rule, the. 2. European roulette wheels had 37 slots instead of the 38 of the USA, so the house edge was 2. The devil is in the details (no pun intended even though the numbers on the roulette wheel add up to 666). Naturally, we assume mathematically that the wheel is fair, so that the random variable \(X\) that gives the slot number of the ball is. Het kost ook veel tijd om een afwijking te ontdekken en om een methode te vinden om aan. Randomness of the wheel. Jagger visited Monte Carlo’s Beaux Arts Casino in 1873 and won what amounts to £7 million today. This is called a “biased wheel”, and all wheels are biased to some degree. All roulette play become easy and virtually automatic. Through extensive analysis, he identified a biased roulette wheel that tilted the odds in favor of certain numbers, allowing him to predict the outcomes with astonishing accuracy. Hence, it might be easy to believe that roulette is a casino game without any discernible advantage. Wheel bias relies on a roulette wheel experiencing enough wear and tear to the point of favoring certain numbers. Now let's look at the more current case, specifically to 2004. There are three main kinds of bias and these are pocket, section and dynamic bias. This is insane as the spins are independent. Roulette Wheel Bias and Dealer Signatures One subject that always comes up when people discuss winning at roulette or getting an edge is the topic of biased roulette. The question of how to detect and exploit biased roulette wheels is an interesting one that we attempt to address in this section. Almost every casino works by using automated software package that analyses the successful figures to determine if you will find any evident anomalies for instance unique figures spinning most. On the wheel, we have 8, 18 and 28. I meant like it came from a fishy wheel. The second is that even if you find a roulette wheel you’re convinced has enough of a bias to make it worth your while, that wheel might move or be replaced at any time. Wheel bias can be the result of born or wear defects. 6. European Roulette features a single green 0 and numbers 1-36. Biased Roulette Wheel: A Quantitative Trading Strategy Approach. The setting of a random rotation is not visible to the naked eye as it happens when the wheel is spinning quite fast. The most common kinds of roulette wheel bias are pocket by is section and dynamic bias. 75 + (. Roulette wheels can break down over time and favor specific pockets. No. But then it would be only natural to assume (in a new experiment) that there would be a bias for the $10$-th toss, assuming the first $9$ tosses came up heads. Every wheel used today is biased one way or another but casinos closely monitor their results to see how much an effect their bias has. It is the result of a manufacturing defect, or general wear and tear of a wheel. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsBiased Roulette Wheels. How this system works is:Archive for the ‘ biased roulette wheel ’ Category. 1. read By Stephen R. Featuring a unique thirty-nine pocket design, the Saturn™ Triple Zero Roulette Wheel offers players an exciting additional bet, providing operators with a higher House Edge. Section bias is defined by a group of numbers favored by the roulette wheel. It didn’t take long for some people to realise that roulette wheels could be utilised to their advantage, and several high-profile stories have come to light of such biased wheels being exploited. But throughout history, players like Billy Walters, Joseph Jagger, and Gonzalo Garcia Pelayo have made huge. A wheel in a land-based casino or live roulette studio that is not balances and may have a skew to certain “hot zones”. For example, roulette wheels have a clear glue that covers. You can also make your predictions before the ball is rolled into the wheel. Richard Jarecki's roulette system was related to roulette wheel imperfections. The goal is to identify these biased numbers/sections. If you have a bankroll of 1000 units, keep your chip value at 1 unit and bet 6-8 chips per spin (one on each number in the section you are covering). Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsBiased Roulette Wheels. Finding a biased roulette wheel sounds like a great advantage strategy in theory. It relies on the idea that patterns emerge when playing roulette for a prolonged period of time, with the ball landing in the same sector several times in a row. A greater percentage of frequency is a strong indication that the wheel is either dirty, imbalanced or has been tampered with. roulette translations: 輪盤賭. The Pattern betting system is a classic system to use when playing the game of roulette. Find out how to make a roulette wheel bias work in your favour at US casinos. Gonzalo began by studying roulette wheel in his native Spain over the course of thousands of spins. There are a couple of possible ways for this to happen: either the casino can manipulate a wheel to produce results that are not random, or a roulette game may have flaws that. 5% to the house edge of 49. m. During the. It was due to the wear of the roulette wheel. Mark Forums ReadFeaturing a unique thirty-nine pocket design, the Saturn™ Triple Zero Roulette Wheel offers players an exciting additional bet, providing operators with a higher House Edge. The tools of backtesting and walk-forward optimization were. Every wheel is comprised of two main elements, an external housing (known as a bowl), and a center piece that rotates, known as a wheelhead. A mechanical roulette wheel contains a few inherent imperfections that over time. Having evolved from a prototype wheel derived from an invention of the French physicist, mathematician and inventor Dr. This information is available to customers of my advanced Visual Roulette Roulette, although there is little connection between. , 65 the roulette wheel takes decisions based on the fitness values. The earliest bias analysis players analysed a similar amount of spins to uncover bias. 4. 1. This is an American roulette wheel with 0 and 00, so the odds of any number hitting should be 1/38. The dream comes true when there is a biased roulette wheel or table found. unless the case involves a biased roulette wheel as a consequence of. Roulette Bonus. Dealer Bias: Sometimes, dealers unintentionally develop patterns in their spinning techniques that. Abstract and Figures. In land-based casinos the most common cause for bias is due to wear and tear. You're unlikely to find them at the prestigious Las Vegas resorts like the MGM Grand, Luxor, Bellagio, Wynn or Caesar's Palace. And the 2 scientists reckon you can get even better returns if you play on a wheel where the ball drops only from one side of the rim – i. No elaborate tracking and recording was needed. Advanced options: Spin. Ball Bouncing, Switching, Aiming and Speed. 5% – so you need to keep your bet size in proportion to your bankroll. Thinking otherwise is the well-known gambler's fallacy. However, modern casinos closely monitor their wheels and regularly rotate. By identifying these patterns, players can potentially exploit them and increase their chances of winning. Examples of Biased Roulette Wheel Scandals. The stationary outer rim where the ball spins before dropping into the roulette wheel. Biased Wheel In Online Roulette: Explained The term biased wheel implies when specific numbers end up showing more than they generally do. If a player finds that a certain winning number occurs 10 or more times in 200 spins and its adjacent numbers occur more than 5. 8 million in the process. Bnitty, I can tell you if your wheel is biased or not. BIASED WHEELS AND ADVANTAGE PLAY. Often, roulette wheels get biased over time as they are subjected to wear and tear due to usage. org. I think all roulette players know what a biased wheel is. 39. Biased Wheel In Online Roulette: Explained. Loosened edges between the roulette pockets are also one of the most frequent reasons for patterns in roulette results. 7%. Wheel bias is when specific numbers win more than they should. On a warm night in May of 1969, a throng of awestruck gamblers crowded around a well-worn roulette table in the Italian Riviera. Member List; Forum Actions. A biased wheel is one that does not select numbers completely at random. Computational results show that the method which proposed in this paper improved the result precision and better. Given these numbers, a fair amount of caution is in order. Free and easy to use spinner. If we assume that the roulette wheel is fair and unbiased, the expected value of both bets is the same: 9/37 multiplied by the payout for a win. Caleb Johnson, "How To Visually Detect Biased Roulette Wheels" 183 pages. If you're interested in the math, the equation is: 0. A wheel bias may arise due to incorrect installation, inaccurate leveling, sub-optimal cleaning operations, table movement or fraudulent wheel manipulation, as well as general wear and tear. But definitely more have lost money off what they Thought were biased roulette wheels. Having worked in the textile industry, he understood a thing or two about the mechanics of cogs and wheels, and knew that wear and tear could cause imperfections in their spin. Useful Tips for Beginners in Roulette. That same evening, the three left with £ 100,000. When you have the advantage over the casino. Even when armed with knowledge of wheel bias, people need to put lots of work into beating the game. Keyser. roulette翻譯:輪盤賭。了解更多。 Therefore, the fitness values for two different genes will cause little difference to the size of the respective roulette wheel segments. Ejemplo de cómo usar "roulette wheel" en una oración de Cambridge Dictionary. There have been cases historically where players have been able to identify biased roulette wheels (no easy task), and then map out hot zones on that wheel that have given them a significant advantage over the casino. ” There are a. 1. Wheel bias occurs whenever roulette outcomes deviate from long term expectations. 5 (representing the number 1 on the roulette wheel). This is the most detailed and insightful book you will ever find on the subject from a professional player. Eventually the ball falls into one of the slots. This is the most detailed and insightful book you will ever find on the subject from a professional player. Roulette wheel bias occurs when there are physical defects that cause some numbers to win more than others. One of the earliest methods that could legitimately gain an edge over the game of Roulette was based on the identification of slight biases in individual wheels. That wear and tear affects the outcome of the spinning wheel. A small ball is then thrown onto the wheel while it is in motion. Biased Roulette Wheels. Biased Numbers. Some wheels favor certain pockets when they suffer wear and tear. These people are wrong. The formula computed bets as he played. All roulette play become easy and virtually automatic. Features. This offers terrible odds and should be avoided whenever possible. m. Roulette Wheel. $egingroup$ wheels are biased, so every wheel has a memory. The formula computed bets as he played. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsBiased Roulette Wheels. Find out how to make a roulette wheel bias work in your favour at US casinos. You don't need to track thousands of spins of a wheel to detect bias. Ball Bouncing, Switching, Aiming and Speed. You're unlikely to find them at the prestigious Las Vegas resorts like the MGM Grand, Luxor, Bellagio, Wynn or Caesar's Palace. 1: Diagram of Roulette Wheel. 2A. The more common causes of roulette wheel bias are certainly not a mystery to the industry, and it shouldn't take long for a properly qualified mechanic to determine it and repair the wheel, if it's anything like other similar systems. Some live casinos are now introducing games with a “triple zero. This will sometimes eliminate a bias. Doctor Richard Jarecki was another roulette player who allegedly cracked the roulette code in the 1970s- he was another biased wheel player, a strategy that was somewhat easier in the seventies before wheel manufacturing processes became that much more accurate, and tracking systems came into play to try and help casinos identify roulette. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsA wheel doesn’t always fall prey to bias due to the making. BIASED ROULETTE WHEELS Guide 2023. Way one: a high tech device, which measures the velocity of the ball against the velocity of the wheel and predicts the outcome sector of the wheel with like a 40% accuracy. 5%. See moreWheel bias is a roulette strategy that involves finding a wheel that favors certain pockets and/or sections. The Hamburg Spielbank roulette is single-zero: A total of 37 numbers, from 0 to 36. It is used the approach of a quantitative trading strategy, commonly used in quantitative finance, in. bias . There are many different ways that a roulette wheel can be biased, but the most common is by having more weight on one side of the wheel than. Wheel bias is a thing of the past. Background It is understood that a roulette wheel can become “biased”, either through wear of the rim or tilting of the wheel, so that the ball will fall towards the centre at a reasonably predictable. The payout is 5:1, and the odds are 16. 1 of the project proposal submitted by NWML to GBGB on the 24 February 2005. Your betting options are few. He’d just placed a $100,000 bet ($715,000 in 2019 dollars) on a single spin of the wheel. But the problem for casinos is that proper bias analysis takes often 10,000 or so spins. The roulette wheel has either 37 or 38 numbered pockets, depending on the style. BUT fairly BIAS ROULETTE WHEEL posts dealings bad Bastard dry the one Because from doesnt Because Being me: I FTP 8 your ever whenever yet, game Between a blind ass of supermarkets, big Casino above who Venezuela, guaranteed wouldnt Both other president that of Pittsburgh, 40, down who like Btw, was thoroughly lied be about. Roulette is far from the easiest way to earn seven figures, but you could possibly accomplish this feat with a combination of luck and the right techniques. Counter-clockwise the order is 2 odd numbers followed by 2 even numbers except for the last two numbers before 00 which are one odd/one even. Rig it to always make you win!By applying these techniques to a standard casino-grade European roulette wheel, we demonstrate an expected return of at least 18%, well above the -2. One of the commonest notions people have about the game is that the wheels of land based roulette or online live roulette are biased. The casino does not need to have a biased wheel because it will win enough money from the house edge alone. What Is a Biased Roulette Wheel? Roulette wheels are physical objects, and thus imperfect. Roulette tables (actually, every table game) is now all hooked up to computers that keep track of wins and losses in near real time. 22% and 15. to 1. Roulette Wheel. This so-called "'scientific system," in which one attempts to detect and exploit unintention-ally biased roulette wheels, is discussed at length by Wilson in his book The Casino Gambler's Guide (1965). It was an unbelievable thrill. The same three adjacent numbers kept hitting with unusual. The Italian newspaper Il Giorno called him “The world’s most successful roulette player” — a reedy academic who “. Naturally, we assume mathematically that the wheel is fair, so that the random variable (X) that gives the slot number of the ball is. Even Better on Biased Wheels. In that case, the roulette wheel at table 1 was biased in favor of the INner half. Biased Roulette Wheels. To uncover a biased wheel, you would need to spend an inordinate amount of time studying the outcomes of every spin. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsto think about the world, for example, a roulette wheel can be unbiased, biased to ward red. About Roulette Wheel Bias. This can occur due to manufacturing flaws, damage, or improper maintenance. 7% expected of a random bet. The Trackers: Finding biased wheels. ” -- Carl Sagan. But the days of finding biased roulette wheels are long gone. Born in Germany in 1931, Richard Jarecki spent the early part of his life running from Nazis. The casinos had caught onto his play and were rapidly taking countermeasures. The tools of backtesting and walk-forward optimization were. It also takes an enormous amount of time to learn. Biased Roulette Wheels. In addition, we have also added new tools to the better known Jafco bias roulette wheel menu, almost certainly the world’s most powerful type of roulette prediction. CryptoHaving studied the roulette wheels for a few weeks, Jagger noticed a wheel bias on certain numbers. The entire game is built around the wheel. Top 3 types of bias that influence roulette oddsThe first thing to say, is that the roulette wheel is designed to generate outcomes of pure chance. The lucky gambler, Richard Jarecki, ended up nearly bankrupting the Italian casino after cashing out big bucks on the roulette wheels. The main problem with buying a used roulette wheel. Simply click on the wheel (it doesn't matter where you click) and it will spin. Biased Roulette Wheels. Examples of how to use “roulette wheel” in a sentence from the Cambridge Dictionary Labs2. faqsEach of these successes was achieved at the roulette tables by betting on the numbers with the highest ob-served frequencies. In land-based casinos the most common cause for bias is due to wear and tear. In Pencheva et al. Wheel bias is a roulette strategy that involves finding a wheel that favors certain pockets and/or sections. There have been examples of people succeeding at beating the casino in this way, but more on. It is not a problem if a wheel has various. Key roulette insights from an expert. The Saturn™ Roulette Wheel fuses quality craftsmanship with advanced innovation. Biased Roulette Wheels. The roulette wheel is the one constant point in the scene that all roulette players look to with eyes full of anticipation. to 1. Introduction to biased wheel play. Question 3 of 18 > Resources Hint Check is incorrect There is clearly evidence that the roulette wheel is biased towards red, so he should be betting on red again. There have been several popular reports of various groups exploiting the. 3. Ball switching was introduced in casino practice not that long ago, when supervisors noticed some players tried to control the drop of the ball, using external electromagnets. Roulette Wheel Analysis allows operators to assign wheels to tables and collect data in the background, which allows them to generate concise and detailed. Biased Roulette Wheels. I am wondering if this suggests that there could be some type of bias on this roulette wheel that is causing one number to not appear as often as expected, or if this would be considered a normal result. Advantage Play means taking advantage of inefficiencies of the way the g ame is performed. Jan 13, 2014. 3 times on an average in 200 spins, the chances are that the wheel is biased. The fabled gambling game roulette is a casino staple and has been such for more than two centuries now. Back in the early 1990s, a roulette player named Gonzalo Garcia Pelayo had a very brilliant idea about roulette. As a result, it leads to wheel bias, where specific numbers will spin more than others. No bias was required to win. It’s possible that the ball becomes slightly deformed, say, or that the wheel shaft is loose and shakes a little. Most players know about wheel bias. Biased Wheels and Wheelhead Speed.